{"id":338,"date":"2015-11-18T19:16:58","date_gmt":"2015-11-19T03:16:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.avawomen.com\/blog\/?p=338"},"modified":"2020-11-23T14:43:07","modified_gmt":"2020-11-23T22:43:07","slug":"physiology-ovulation-fertility","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.avawomen.com\/avaworld\/physiology-ovulation-fertility\/","title":{"rendered":"The Physiology of Ovulation, Women&#8217;s Fertility, and the Menstrual Cycle"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The female menstrual cycle and women&#8217;s fertility is complex. In order to best appreciate these complexities, we must first understand the physiology of the body to understand how and why the cycles work as they do. A woman&#8217;s fertility repeats itself every 28 days on average, in a cycle that includes preparing for ovulation and then either preparing to sustain a pregnancy or preparing to repeat the cycle. Ovulation, the release of the egg, usually happens at roughly the mid-point of the monthly cycle. A significant part of women&#8217;s health centers on hormones, fertility, and the physiological preparation for pregnancy each month.<\/p>\n<h2>Menstrual Cycle<\/h2>\n<p>A woman&#8217;s\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.avawomen.com\/tracking\/cycle\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">menstrual cycle<\/a> begins on the first day of her period and ends the day before her next period begins. Between these two days, hormonal fluctuations help prepare the body for a potential pregnancy. During the first half of the menstrual cycle, called the follicular phase, estrogen levels increase leading to the thickening of the uterine lining. Ovulation, when an egg is released from one of the ovaries, marks the end of the follicular phase and the transition to the second half of the cycle\u2014called the luteal phase. During the luteal phase, progesterone levels increase, which help further prepare the uterine lining for the possible implantation of an embryo.<\/p>\n<p>If the egg is fertilized by a sperm, conception will have occurred. Next, the fertilized egg must begin its journey through the fallopian tubes toward the uterus, where it needs to implant in the uterine lining. If the egg is not fertilized, or if a fertilized egg does not successfully implant in the uterine lining, pregnancy does not occur. Progesterone levels plummet, triggering menstruation. The next cycle begins with this shedding of the uterine lining.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.womenshealth.gov\/menstrual-cycle\/your-menstrual-cycle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Your Menstrual Cycle<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/healthy-lifestyle\/womens-health\/in-depth\/menstrual-cycle\/art-20047186\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Menstrual Cycle: What&#8217;s Normal, What&#8217;s Not<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.plannedparenthood.org\/learn\/health-and-wellness\/menstruation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">What is Menstruation?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/periods\/fertility-in-the-menstrual-cycle\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Periods and Fertility in the Menstrual Cycle<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au\/health\/conditionsandtreatments\/menstrual-cycle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Menstrual Cycle<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Fertility<\/h2>\n<p>At birth, females are born with between one and two million eggs. However, only between 300 and 400 eggs will be released during ovulation over a lifetime. If ovulation coincides with the presence of sperm in the fallopian tubes, fertilization may occur. Fertilization must occur within 24 hours of the release of the egg, and sperm may live up to five days in the fallopian tubes, so the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.avawomen.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">window for conception<\/a> can last up to six days. The optimal time to have intercourse when actively trying to conceive is the one to three days immediately prior to ovulation; this gives the sperm time to go through the vital process of capacitation before the egg is released.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.webmd.com\/baby\/ss\/slideshow-understanding-fertility-ovulation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Understanding Ovulation &amp; Fertility: Facts to Help You Get Pregnant<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.clearblue.com\/how-to-get-pregnant\/what-is-ovulation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">What is Ovulation?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.acog.org\/patient-resources\/faqs\/contraception\/fertility-awareness-based-methods-of-family-planning\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Fertility Awareness-Based Methods of Family Planning<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.livescience.com\/44221-how-to-get-pregnant.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Trying to Conceive: 10 Tips for Women<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Ovarian Cycle<\/h2>\n<p>The ovarian cycle is the process of ovulation that occurs each month. It includes the follicular phase and the luteal phase. During the follicular phase, the ovaries begin preparing an egg to be released.\u00a0\u00a0GnRH stimulates the pituitary gland to produce follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) within the ovaries, which are sacs filled with fluid and eggs. Eventually, one follicle becomes dominant\u2014this is the follicle that will release an egg during ovulation.<\/p>\n<p>After ovulation, the luteal phase begins, which lasts until the next period starts. During this time, the follicle that released an egg transforms into the corpus luteum and begins producing progesterone. If the egg wasn&#8217;t fertilized, the corpus luteum will break down after about two weeks. As progesterone levels peak and decline, many women experience premenstrual symptoms: bloating, acne, breast pain, and changes in mood are common. If the egg was fertilized, the corpus luteum continues progesterone production to support early pregnancy.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology\/ovary-cycle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ovary Cycle<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/science\/in-in-class-12-biology-india\/xc09ed98f7a9e671b:in-in-human-reproduction\/xc09ed98f7a9e671b:in-in-gametogenesis-and-the-menstrual-cycle\/v\/the-ovarian-cycle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Ovarian Cycle<\/a>\u00a0(Video)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/discovery.lifemapsc.com\/library\/review-of-medical-embryology\/chapter-8-reproductive-cycles-the-ovarian-cycle-and-ovulation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Ovarian Cycle and Ovulation<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/helloclue.com\/articles\/cycle-a-z\/the-menstrual-cycle-more-than-just-the-period\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Menstrual Cycle: More Than Just Your Period<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.yourhormones.info\/glands\/ovaries\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Ovaries<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ucsfhealth.org\/education\/the-menstrual-cycle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Menstrual Cycle<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Uterine Cycle<\/h2>\n<p>The uterine cycle includes three phases: menstruation, the proliferative phase, and the secretory phase. Menstruation usually lasts for five or six days. Next comes the proliferative phase, when the uterus begins re-building lining that was shed during menstruation. The uterus needs a thick lining for a fertilized egg to implant and grow if conception occurs. The final phase is the secretory phase, which involves the secretion of chemicals that will help with implantation of a fertilized egg or will help the lining begin to break down so it can be shed again.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK542229\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Menstrual Cycle Proliferative And Follicular Phase<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/medcell.med.yale.edu\/histology\/female_reproductive_system_lab\/uterine_cycle.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Uterine Cycle<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oatext.com\/pdf\/FWH-3-156.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Secretory Phase of Menstruation and Implantation<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/ccbcmd-health\/chapter\/the-menstrual-cycle\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Menstrual Cycle<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/healthengine.com.au\/info\/menstruation-period-or-menstrual-cycle#C5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Phases of the Menstrual Cycle<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Menstrual Disorders<\/h2>\n<p>Menstrual disorders can include abnormal uterine bleeding, such as heavy periods, absent periods, called amenorrhea, irregular periods, called oligomenorrhea, or irregular bleeding between cycles. Another menstrual disorder is called dysmenorrhea, and it involves unusually painful periods. Some women also have fibroids, which are noncancerous tumors in the uterus, which can cause heavy or prolonged periods. Anyone who experiences irregular or abnormal menstrual bleeding, excessive pain, headaches, emotional distress, and bloating may need to be evaluated by a physician.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.summahealth.org\/medicalservices\/womens\/aboutourservices\/gynecological-services\/menstrual-disorders\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Menstrual Disorders<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bcm.edu\/healthcare\/specialties\/womens-health-maternity\/obgyn-conditions\/menstrual-disorders\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">What are Menstrual Disorders?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.healthywomen.org\/condition\/menstrual-disorders\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Overview of Menstrual Disorders<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.harringtonhospital.org\/women_blog\/top-5-common-menstrual-disorders-need-know\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Top 5 Common Menstrual Disorders You Need to Know About<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.healthychildren.org\/English\/health-issues\/conditions\/genitourinary-tract\/Pages\/Menstrual-Disorders.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Menstrual Disorders in Teens<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Menopause<\/h2>\n<p>Every woman will eventually stop having monthly periods, and when this happens, she has reached menopause and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.avawomen.com\/tracking\/fertility\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">fertility<\/a>\u00a0has ended. The average age for going through menopause is 51, and it usually takes several years for a\u00a0woman\u00a0to proceed through the stages of perimenopause, menopause, and\u00a0postmenopause. A woman is considered to have reached menopause when she hasn&#8217;t had a period for 12 consecutive months. Common symptoms experienced during menopause include sleep disturbances, hot flashes, and changes in the vaginal and urinary tract as estrogen levels\u00a0decrease.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/menopause.html#:~:text=Menopause%20is%20the%20time%20in,a%20period%20for%20one%20year.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Menopause: Also Called Change of Life<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/15224-menopause-perimenopause-and-postmenopause\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Menopause, Perimenopause and Postmenopause<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.menopause.org\/for-women\/menopauseflashes\/menopause-symptoms-and-treatments\/are-we-there-yet-navigate-now-with-our-guided-menopause-tour\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Are We There Yet? Navigate Now with Our Guided Menopause Tour<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.acog.org\/patient-resources\/faqs\/womens-health\/the-menopause-years\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Menopause Years<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/articles\/menopause-and-sleep\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Menopause and Sleep<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/articles\/menopause-and-sleep\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The female menstrual cycle and women&#8217;s fertility is complex. In order to best appreciate these [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":38326,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[9426],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v17.3 (Yoast SEO v18.8) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>The Physiology of Ovulation, Women&#039;s Fertility, and the Menstrual Cycle - Ava<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A woman&#039;s fertility repeats itself every 28 days, in a cycle that includes preparing for ovulation and the potential for pregnancy.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"http:\/\/www.avawomen.com\/avaworld\/physiology-ovulation-fertility\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Physiology of Ovulation, Women&#039;s Fertility, and the Menstrual Cycle\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A woman&#039;s fertility repeats itself every 28 days, in a cycle that includes preparing for ovulation and the potential for pregnancy.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"http:\/\/www.avawomen.com\/avaworld\/physiology-ovulation-fertility\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Ava\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/avabracelet\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2015-11-19T03:16:58+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-11-23T22:43:07+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/avablog-assets-production.s3.amazonaws.com\/wp-offloaded-content\/Female-Menstrual-Cycle-scaled.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2560\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1669\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@avawomen\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@avawomen\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Lindsay Meisel\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"http:\/\/www.avawomen.com\/avaworld\/fr\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Ava Women\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.avawomen.com\/avaworld\/fr\/\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/avabracelet\",\"https:\/\/instagram.com\/avawomen\/\",\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/ava-ag\",\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCZ1BceGFRgHo0kIZGaRWHsQ\",\"https:\/\/www.pinterest.com\/avawomen\/\",\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/avawomen\"],\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"http:\/\/www.avawomen.com\/avaworld\/fr\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.avawomen.com\/avaworld\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/Logo_Ava_black_violet_rgb1.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.avawomen.com\/avaworld\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/Logo_Ava_black_violet_rgb1.png\",\"width\":300,\"height\":80,\"caption\":\"Ava Women\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"http:\/\/www.avawomen.com\/avaworld\/fr\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"http:\/\/www.avawomen.com\/avaworld\/fr\/#website\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.avawomen.com\/avaworld\/fr\/\",\"name\":\"Ava\",\"description\":\"Fertility Tracker\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"http:\/\/www.avawomen.com\/avaworld\/fr\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"http:\/\/www.avawomen.com\/avaworld\/fr\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"http:\/\/www.avawomen.com\/avaworld\/physiology-ovulation-fertility\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/avablog-assets-production.s3.amazonaws.com\/wp-offloaded-content\/Female-Menstrual-Cycle-scaled.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/avablog-assets-production.s3.amazonaws.com\/wp-offloaded-content\/Female-Menstrual-Cycle-scaled.jpg\",\"width\":2560,\"height\":1669,\"caption\":\"woman with hands on stomach\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"http:\/\/www.avawomen.com\/avaworld\/physiology-ovulation-fertility\/#webpage\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.avawomen.com\/avaworld\/physiology-ovulation-fertility\/\",\"name\":\"The Physiology of Ovulation, Women's Fertility, and the Menstrual Cycle - 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