{"id":29849,"date":"2019-01-18T14:55:00","date_gmt":"2019-01-18T22:55:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.avawomen.com\/?p=29849"},"modified":"2019-07-15T13:20:37","modified_gmt":"2019-07-15T20:20:37","slug":"miscarriage-unhealthy-sperm","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.avawomen.com\/avaworld\/miscarriage-unhealthy-sperm\/","title":{"rendered":"Can Unhealthy Sperm Cause Miscarriage? (A New Study Says Yes.)"},"content":{"rendered":"

When a pregnancy ends in miscarriage, many women report feelings of guilt, shame, and self-blame after the loss. But a growing body of research reveals that in some cases, a pregnancy can fail due to abnormalities in the sperm. Despite the instrumental role of sperm in healthy pregnancies, men aren\u2019t routinely screened when pregnancies fail. Dr. <\/span>Anastasia Dimakopoulou, a clinical research fellow in the Department of Medicine at the Imperial College of London, says that should change. <\/span><\/p>\n

Dr. Dimakopoulou is a co-author of a new study, published this month in the journal Clinical Chemistry<\/a>,\u00a0<\/span>which illuminates the role of unhealthy sperm in recurrent miscarriage. The study looked at male partners of women who had recurrent pregnancy loss, typically defined as three or more losses. They found that the semen in these men had high <\/span>levels of what\u2019s called oxygen radicals, a biomarker of a man\u2019s overall health.<\/span><\/p>\n

Men and women should be equally screened after a pregnancy loss<\/h2>\n

When trying to determine the cause of miscarriage, Dr. Dimakopoulu says, “men and women should<\/span>\u00a0be\u00a0equally\u00a0<\/i>investigated with standard specialized tests.\u201d But this is not currently standard practice. In fact, Dr. Dimakopoulou says, \u201cmost men are not even asked a single question when attending recurrent miscarriage clinics.\u201d Though this particular study only examined male partners in recurrent pregnancy loss, Dr.\u00a0Dimakopoulou says that isolated miscarriages will be included in future research.<\/span><\/p>\n

It seems that sometimes women conflate carrying the pregnancy with causing it to fail. Dr. Jessica Zucker, Ph.D.<\/a> is a licensed psychologist, specializing in women’s reproductive and maternal mental health with over a decade of experience counseling women. She says that following a miscarriage, many women have an immediate sense that their body has somehow failed them. Their first instinct is often to look within. “Sometimes it takes a bit for people to turn to sperm as a possibility.”<\/span><\/p>\n

Miscarriages aren’t caused by what a woman does or doesn’t do<\/h2>\n

There\u2019s also an issue of public misperception about miscarriages, especially what causes them. One of the largest studies ever conducted about miscarriage misconceptions\u2014published in the journal <\/span>Obstetrics & Gynecology<\/span><\/a>\u2014showed that 40% of women felt they miscarried because they did something wrong, nearly 50% said they felt guilty, and 75% believed a stressful event might have caused it. <\/span><\/p>\n

But studies have shown stress doesn’t cause miscarriage, and even the data on the relationship between extreme stress and miscarriage is unclear. Most miscarriages, about 50 – 60%, are the result of a chromosomal abnormality\u2014some of which may be contributed by the male. The other 40% are unexplained. Dr. <\/span>Dimakopoulou says that in those cases, the woman and the man should be equally screened for the potential cause.<\/span><\/p>\n

Misperceptions exacerbate feelings of shame\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n

The Obstetrics & Gynecology study also showed that miscarriage misperceptions can exacerbate negative feelings such as shame, isolation, and depression over the loss. Women who were given a medical reason for their loss were less likely to have these feelings. But this particular study didn\u2019t include questions about whether the male partner\u2019s sperm health\u2014or other biological factors attributed to the male\u2014were perceived as a potential cause.<\/span><\/p>\n

If women everywhere knew\u2014if they deeply understood\u2014that health of the sperm is critically important, not just for getting pregnant but for staying pregnant, might some of the shame and self-blame surrounding miscarriage be assuaged? Dr. <\/span>Dimakopoulu thinks so. <\/span>But it has taken medicine a long time to catch on to this idea.<\/span><\/p>\n

A loaded etymology coupled with cultural silence<\/h2>\n

When you consider the etymology of the word miscarriage, it\u2019s perhaps no surprise that women have long blamed themselves. Consider the meaning of the three roots of the word miscarriage: \u201cmis,\u201d \u201ccaryen,\u201d and \u201cage.\u201d According to the etymological dictionary:<\/span><\/p>\n

Mis = “wrongly” <\/span><\/p>\n

Caryen = “to carry”<\/span><\/p>\n

Age = \u201cbelonging to, related to\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

If early pregnancy loss had been named something different\u2014something more akin to “unexplained biological error”\u2014might this have impacted the way miscarriages have historically been perceived? It seems plausible. But Dr. Zucker thinks that the cultural silence around miscarriage is perhaps more to blame.<\/span><\/p>\n

Open conversations about loss are key<\/h2>\n

She points out that most women\u2014as a result of the antiquated stigma\u2014don’t openly talk about their loss. But if they did, these medical details, whether it was caused by a heart-shaped uterus or a damaged sperm DNA, would emerge from those conversations. “People would probably talk more fluidly about the medical information if they were even talking about it at all,” she says. Dr. Zucker\u2014who sadly experienced a miscarriage herself\u2014has also been proactive in encouraging women to speak up through her popular Instagram handle, #IHadAMiscarriage<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Eradicating the cultural silence around miscarriage will likely take some time. But for now, science is beginning to back up what seems obvious when you consider biological facts apart from etymological, societal, psychological, or cultural influences: it takes a healthy egg <\/span>and<\/span><\/i> a healthy sperm to create a viable embryo, fetus and ultimately\u2014a child.<\/span><\/p>\n

For more information on Dr. Dimakopoulu\u2019s research on sperm and recurrent miscarriage, here is the transcript* of our interview.<\/span><\/p>\n

*This transcript has been edited for clarity by myself as well as by Dr. Dimakopoulou.<\/span><\/p>\n

****<\/p>\n

Q&A <\/span><\/strong><\/em>with Dr. Anastasia\u00a0Dimakopoulou<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/h2>\n

What new information did your\u00a0new study reveal?<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

Dr.\u00a0Dimakopoulou:<\/strong> Recurrent miscarriage is the loss of a pregnancy before 20 weeks of gestation on three consecutive occasions. There is significant research performed [on what is causing the miscarriage] for the female partners but not for the male partner so far. Our study was novel in that we investigated seminal reactive oxygen species, the specific level of the oxygen radicals in the semen and we found that this was elevated. Reactive oxygen species is a marker representative of a man\u2019s overall health and warrants further investigation.<\/span><\/p>\n

Was this the first study showing sperm could play a role in recurrent miscarriage?<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

Dr.\u00a0Dimakopoulou:<\/strong> Good question. There actually have been previous studies that looked into the quality of the sperm and the DNA material within the sperm but no previous studies on the seminal reactive oxygen species.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Did you look into single miscarriages, too? (i.e. miscarriages that are not defined as recurrent)<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

Dr.\u00a0Dimakopoulou:<\/strong> This particular study looked at male partners of women with recurrent miscarriage, but we will look into this area in future research.<\/span><\/p>\n

Why has it taken so long to investigate the role of sperm when pregnancies fail?<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

Dr.\u00a0Dimakopoulou:\u00a0<\/strong>This is an interesting question because we know what causes recurrent miscarriages due to female factors\u2014but that only represents 50% of cases of recurrent miscarriage. <\/span><\/p>\n

The remaining 50% of miscarriage cases are unexplained\u2014but all emphasis is still given to women, men are not investigated. My gynecological colleagues admit that male partners are not even asked a single question when attending recurrent miscarriage clinics. <\/span><\/p>\n

It\u2019s not clear why men are not examined or investigated in this context. Most likely there is lack of clarity in the required tests or a stigma to the male partner who may not be comfortable with investigations with regards to his fertility, while women are more open to investigation. <\/span><\/p>\n

When should a couple see a specialist regarding miscarriages? <\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

Dr.\u00a0Dimakopoulou:\u00a0<\/strong>So, in the UK we have established guidelines outlining that recurrent miscarriage should be investigated when the couple experiences 3 or more<\/span> consecutive pregnancy losses, but again, it\u2019s a very valid question as the guidelines have recently changed. On December 2017 recurrent pregnancy loss was defined as the loss of 2 or more pregnancies<\/span> by the European Society of Human Reproduction & Embryology. \u00a0We actually performed the paper before the change in guidelines and despite this we observed important abnormalities in the sperm.<\/span><\/p>\n

Are male partners routinely tested as a result of miscarriage? <\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

Dr.\u00a0Dimakopoulou:\u00a0<\/strong>In the context of recurrent miscarriage, male partners are probably not tested at all. And in the cases of couples that are trying to conceive and are not successful, men are only tested as per local services available or personal preference. <\/span><\/p>\n

So, this paper brings up a novelty on this issue suggesting that men and women should equally be investigated with standard specialized tests\u2014and in the cases of idiopathic [meaning unexplained] pregnancy loss, this is even more relevant. <\/span><\/p>\n

What other research are you working on?<\/strong> <\/span><\/h3>\n

Dr.\u00a0Dimakopoulou:\u00a0<\/strong>Since we now know that that reactive oxygen levels are elevated in men whose partners experience recurrent miscarriage, we will be looking into targeted therapies. Right now, there is no specific drug or treatment strategy addressing high reactive oxygen species other than lifestyle changes. So we will be leading new studies in the field of male fertility and we will hopefully be able to develop new therapies for couples with difficulty to conceive.<\/span><\/p>\n

****<\/p>\n

Need Support? Ava is here for you.<\/span><\/h2>\n

Though we at Ava can\u2019t stop miscarriage from happening, when it does, we are here for you. It\u2019s our mission to provide the best scientific research as well as a warm community of support for every reproductive health challenge you may face.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Join our Facebook group<\/a>, where you will find women from all across the world sharing resources, support, and encouragement for every step of your reproductive journey, including the devastating reality of miscarriage.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Additional miscarriage content on AvaWorld<\/span><\/h2>\n

Miscarriage Symptoms & Signs: How Can You Tell?<\/span><\/a><\/h4>\n

Getting Pregnant After Miscarriage: What You Need to Know<\/span><\/a><\/h4>\n

Miscarriage Myths Survey Results: Nearly 70 Percent Believe Stress Causes Miscarriage<\/span><\/a><\/h4>\n

Why I Can\u2019t Imagine My Life Without My Miscarriage<\/span><\/a><\/h4>\n

Causes of Miscarriage: The Truth About What You Can Do To Avoid Them<\/span><\/a><\/h4>\n

Blighted Ovum: What it Means if You Have This Type of Miscarriage<\/span><\/a><\/h4>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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